CAD Facts and Research

  • The death rates from CAD among overseas Asian Indians have been 50% to 300% higher than Americans, Europeans, Chinese, and Japanese, irrespective of gender, religion, or social class.
  • Among those younger than 30 years of age, the CAD mortality among Asian Indians is 3-fold higher than Whites in the United Kingdom (U.K.) and 10-fold higher than Chinese in Singapore.
  • About 50% of all heart attacks among Asian Indian men occur under the age of 55 and 25% under the age of 40, unheard of in any other population.
  • Asian Indian women have a higher death rate from CAD than women of all other ethnic origins in the U.K., South Africa, Canada, Singapore, Fiji, Mauritius, Uganda, and Trinidad.
  • For any given level of risk factors, the CAD risk among Asian Indians is at least double that of Whites.
Compiled from www.cadiresearch.com

Research on CAD in Indians

  1. Fischbacher CM, et al. IgG Is Higher in South Asians Than Europeans: Does Infection Contribute to Ethnic Variation In Cardiovascular Disease? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2003; 23(4): 703 - 704.
    Pub Med ID &ndash: 12692011
  2. Bhopal R. Heterogeneity among Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis is key to racial inequities. BMJ 2002; 325(7369): 903.
    Pub Med ID: 12386051
  3. Patel MG, et al. Prescribing of lipid lowering drugs to South Asian patients: ecological study. BMJ 2002; 325(7354): 25 - 26.
    Pub Med ID: 12098726
  4. Whincup PH, et al. Early evidence of ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk: cross sectional comparison of British South Asian and white children. BMJ 2002; 324(7338): 635-640.
    Pub Med ID: 11895820
  5. Bhopal R. Epidemic of cardiovascular disease in South Asians. BMJ 2002; 324(7338): 625 - 626.
    Pub Med ID: 11895809
  6. Chambers JC and Kooner JS. Homocysteine: a novel risk factor for coronary heart disease in UK Indian Asians. Heart 2001; 86(2): 121 - 122.
    Pub Med ID: 11454816
  7. Enas EA, Jacob ST. Emerging noninvasive biochemical measures: Potential explanation for ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk. Arch Irn. Med 1999;159 (15): 1812-13.
    Pub Med ID: 10448789
  8. Bhopal et al. Heterogeneity of Coronary Heart Disease Risk factors in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and European origin Populations: cross sectional study. BMJ 1999; 319 (7204): 215-220.
    Pub Med ID: 10417082 (Link)
  9. Mohan V, Deepa R, Haranath SP, Premalatha G, Rema M, Sastry NG, Enas EA. Lipoprotein(a) is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease in NIDDM patients in South India. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21(11):1819-23.
    Pub Med ID: 9802727 (    Link)
  10. Kooner J S. Coronary Heart Disease in UK Indian Asians: the potential for reducing mortality. Heart 1997; 78(6): 530-532.
    Pub Med ID: 9470862
  11. Enas EA. Hypertriglyceridemia and elevated lipoprotein (a) are major risk factors for coronary events in middle-aged men. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78 (7):859-860.
    Pub Med ID: 8857503
  12. Pais P, et al. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Indians: a case-control study. Lancet 1996; 348 (9024): 358-363
    Pub Med ID: 8709733
  13. Enas EA. Avoiding premature coronary deaths in Asians in Britain: guidelines for pharmacological intervention are needed. BMJ 1996; 312 (7027):376.
    Pub Med ID: 8611844
  14. Enas EA. Rapid angiographic progression of coronary artery disease in patients with elevated lipoprotein (a). Circulation. 1995; 92 (8):2353-54.
    Pub Med ID: 7554222
  15. Enas EA, Yusuf S, Mehta JL. Prevalence of coronary artery disease in Asian Indians. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70(9):945-9.
    Pub Med ID: 1529952
  16. McKeigue PM, Miller GJ, Marmot MG. Coronary heart disease in south Asians overseas: a review. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989; 42(7):597-609.
    Pub Med ID: 2668448

Coronary Artery Disease Links

CADIResearch.com

Dr. Enas

Special thanks to Dr. Enas of the CADI Research Foundation for making available the above information.

Dr. Baliga